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1 Samuel chronicles a pivotal period in Israel's history, marking the transition from the era of judges to the establishment of monarchy. The book begins with the birth and calling of Samuel, the last judge and first major prophet of Israel. Samuel plays a crucial role in anointing Israel's first two kings and serves as a bridge between the old system of judges and the new monarchy. The early chapters focus on Samuel's birth, his service under Eli the priest, and his growing influence as a prophet and leader in Israel. The narrative then shifts to the reign of Saul, Israel's first king. Despite initial promise, Saul's kingship is marred by disobedience and poor decisions. His failures lead to God's rejection of him as king, setting the stage for the rise of David. The latter half of the book details the complex relationship between Saul and David, with Saul growing increasingly jealous and paranoid of the young hero who had slain Goliath. David's life becomes a series of escapes from Saul's murderous intentions, yet he consistently shows respect for Saul as God's anointed king. Throughout 1 Samuel, key themes emerge: the importance of obedience to God, the consequences of pride and jealousy, and God's sovereignty in choosing leaders. The book also introduces David, who will become Israel's greatest king and a central figure in biblical history. The narrative concludes with Saul's downfall and death in battle against the Philistines, paving the way for David's ascension to the throne in 2 Samuel. Overall, 1 Samuel provides a rich tapestry of human drama, political intrigue, and spiritual lessons, illustrating God's workings in the lives of individuals and the nation of Israel.
“There was a certain man…whose name was Elkanah…He had two wives…Peninnah had children, but Hannah had none…Hannah prayed to the Lord, weeping bitterly….” 1 Samuel 1 begins with the story of Elkanah, a man from the hill country of Ephraim, who has two wives: Hannah and Peninnah. Peninnah has children, but Hannah is barren, which causes her great distress. Each year, Elkanah and his family travel to the tabernacle in Shiloh to worship and offer sacrifices to the Lord. Despite his love for Hannah, Elkanah's attempts to comfort her are overshadowed by Peninnah's provocations, which exacerbate Hannah's sorrow over her childlessness. During one of these visits to Shiloh, Hannah, in deep anguish, prays fervently to the Lord, vowing that if He grants her a son, she will dedicate him to the Lord for life, marking him with a Nazirite vow by ensuring no razor touches his head. Hannah's silent prayer is initially misunderstood by Eli, the priest, who mistakes her heartfelt prayer for drunkenness. After explaining her situation, Eli blesses her, expressing hope that God will grant her request. Encouraged by Eli's words, Hannah leaves with a renewed spirit and soon conceives a son, whom she names Samuel, meaning "heard by God" or "asked of God," reflecting her prayerful petition to the Lord. Once Samuel is weaned, Hannah fulfills her vow by taking him to Shiloh, along with offerings, to present him to Eli. She reminds Eli of her previous prayer and declares her intention to dedicate Samuel to the Lord's service for his entire life. The chapter concludes with Hannah's act of faith and dedication as she leaves Samuel in Eli's care at the tabernacle. This act of devotion underscores the themes of faith, prayer, and divine intervention that run throughout the narrative. Hannah's story exemplifies how personal anguish can lead to profound acts of faith and commitment, and it sets the stage for Samuel's significant role in Israel's history as a prophet and judge. Her willingness to give Samuel to God's service reflects her deep trust in God's plan and her gratitude for His answered prayer.
“Then Hannah prayed…“My heart rejoices in the Lord;… “It is not by strength that one prevails; those who oppose the Lord will be broken….the Lord will judge the ends of the earth….” 1 Samuel 2 highlights themes of divine justice, reversal of fortunes, and the importance of faithful service. The chapter begins with Hannah's Song of Thanksgiving (verses 1-10), a poetic prayer in which Hannah praises God for granting her a son, Samuel, after years of barrenness. Her song is a profound theological declaration that emphasizes God's sovereignty, justice, and ability to reverse human circumstances. She exalts God as the ultimate source of strength and deliverance, and her prayer foreshadows the rise of a future king, alluding to the coming of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ. The narrative then shifts to the wickedness of Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas (verses 12-17). Despite serving as priests at the Tabernacle, they are described as "worthless men" who do not know the Lord. They abuse their priestly privileges by taking portions of the sacrifices meant for God and engaging in immoral behavior with women serving at the Tabernacle. Their actions are a stark contrast to the faithfulness of young Samuel, who serves the Lord diligently under Eli's guidance. This section underscores the consequences of failing to honor God and the importance of integrity in religious service. The chapter concludes with God's judgment on Eli's household (verses 22-36). Despite Eli's rebuke, his sons continue their sinful ways, prompting God to send a prophet to Eli with a message of impending doom. The prophet declares that Eli's lineage will be cut off due to their contempt for God's offerings, and a faithful priest will be raised to serve before God's anointed one. This prophecy highlights the theme of divine justice and sets the stage for Samuel's rise as a prophet and leader in Israel. The chapter contrasts the blessings received by Hannah and Samuel with the curses upon Eli's house, illustrating the outcomes of righteousness versus wickedness.
“The boy Samuel ministered before the Lord under Eli….Samuel was lying down…Then the Lord called Samuel….Then Samuel said, “Speak, for your servant is listening.”…” The book of 1 Samuel 3 recounts the moment when God calls the young Samuel to become His prophet. Samuel, serving under Eli the priest at the tabernacle in Shiloh, experiences a series of nighttime encounters where he hears a voice calling his name. Initially mistaking it for Eli, Samuel runs to the elderly priest three times before Eli realizes it is God calling the boy. Eli instructs Samuel to respond, "Speak, for your servant is listening," setting the stage for Samuel's first divine revelation. In this revelation, God delivers a sobering message of judgment against Eli's family. The Lord informs Samuel that He will punish Eli's household because Eli failed to restrain his wicked sons, who had been abusing their priestly roles. The following morning, a fearful Samuel reluctantly shares this message with Eli, who humbly accepts God's judgment, recognizing the Lord's sovereignty in the matter. This chapter marks a significant transition in Israel's spiritual leadership and the revival of prophecy in the nation. As Samuel grows, the Lord is with him, ensuring that none of his prophetic words go unfulfilled. All of Israel comes to recognize Samuel as an established prophet of the Lord, and God continues to appear to him at Shiloh, revealing His word through this chosen vessel. This event signifies the end of a period when "the word of the Lord was rare" and ushers in a new era of divine communication with His people through the faithful prophet Samuel.
“And Samuel’s word came to all Israel. Now the Israelites went out to fight against the Philistines….the Israelites were defeated…“Israel fled before the Philistines, and the army has suffered heavy losses… 1 Samuel 4 recounts a tragic episode in Israel's history, marking a low point in their relationship with God. The chapter opens with the Israelites facing defeat at the hands of the Philistines, losing about 4,000 men in battle. In response, the elders decide to bring the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh, believing its presence will guarantee victory. Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, accompany the Ark to the battlefield. The arrival of the Ark causes great excitement among the Israelites and fear among the Philistines, who recall God's power against Egypt. Despite the presence of the Ark, Israel suffers an even greater defeat in the ensuing battle. They lose 30,000 foot soldiers, and most devastatingly, the Ark of God is captured by the Philistines. Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, are killed in the conflict. This turn of events fulfills the prophecy of judgment against Eli's house and marks a significant shift in Israel's spiritual and political landscape. The chapter concludes with a series of tragic events in Shiloh. A messenger brings news of the defeat and the Ark's capture to Eli, who anxiously awaits word. Upon hearing of the Ark's loss, the 98-year-old Eli falls backwards off his seat, breaks his neck, and dies. He had led Israel for 40 years. The tragedy extends to Phinehas' wife, who goes into labor upon hearing the news. Before dying in childbirth, she names her son Ichabod, meaning "The glory has departed from Israel," reflecting the profound loss of the Ark and God's perceived abandonment of His people.
“After the Philistines had captured the ark of God…they carried the ark into Dagon’s temple… when they rose, there was Dagon, fallen on his face…His head and hands had been broken off…” 1 Samuel 5 recounts the dramatic events that unfolded after the Philistines captured the Ark of the Covenant from Israel. Upon bringing the Ark to Ashdod, they placed it in the temple of their god Dagon, likely as a trophy of their victory. However, their triumph was short-lived. The following morning, they discovered the statue of Dagon fallen face down before the Ark. Though they set it back up, the next day brought an even more shocking sight: Dagon had fallen again, this time with its head and hands broken off, symbolizing its powerlessness before the God of Israel. God's judgment on the Philistines didn't stop there. The people of Ashdod were afflicted with tumors or plagues, causing great distress. Recognizing that these calamities were from the hand of the God of Israel, they decided to move the Ark to Gath. However, the people of Gath suffered the same fate. In a final attempt to rid themselves of the Ark, they sent it to Ekron, but the Ekronites, having heard of the devastation in the other cities, panicked and demanded the Ark be returned to Israel. This chapter vividly illustrates God's sovereignty and power, even in circumstances where His people had failed. Despite Israel's defeat and the capture of the Ark, God demonstrated His supremacy over the Philistine deities and brought judgment upon those who dared to treat the symbol of His presence as a mere trophy. The Philistines' desperate attempts to pass the Ark from city to city, only to face increasing calamity, set the stage for their decision to return it to Israel in the following chapter. Through these events, God glorified Himself and reminded both Israel and their enemies of His unmatched power.
“When the ark of the Lord had been in Philistine territory seven months,…we should send it back…get a new cart ready, with two cows…Take the ark of the Lord and put it on the cart…” 1 Samuel 6 recounts the return of the Ark of the Covenant to Israel after seven months in Philistine possession. Plagued by tumors and rats, the Philistines sought counsel from their priests and diviners on how to return the Ark. They were advised to send it back with a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five golden rats, representing the afflictions they had endured. To determine if their misfortunes were indeed caused by the Ark, the Philistines devised a test: they placed the Ark on a new cart pulled by two milk cows separated from their calves, believing that if the cows went straight to Israelite territory, it would confirm divine intervention. The cows indeed headed directly to Beth-shemesh in Israel, confirming God's involvement. The people of Beth-shemesh rejoiced at the Ark's return, offering sacrifices using the wood from the cart and the cows as burnt offerings. However, their joy was short-lived as some men looked inside the Ark, violating its sanctity. As a result, God struck down seventy men, instilling fear among the people and emphasizing the importance of reverence for His holiness. Overwhelmed by fear and recognizing their inability to stand before such a holy God, the men of Beth-shemesh sent a message to the people of Kiriath-jearim, requesting them to come and take the Ark. This chapter highlights several important themes: the sovereignty and power of God, even in enemy territory; the consequences of disrespecting divine holiness; the concept of guilt offerings and atonement; and the fear and obedience required in approaching God. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's authority and the importance of treating sacred things with utmost reverence.
“So the men of Kiriath Jearim came and took up the ark of the Lord….Then all the people of Israel turned back to the Lord….And there was peace between Israel and the Amorites…. “ 1 Samuel 7 marks a moment in Israel's history, showcasing the nation's repentance and return to God under Samuel's leadership. After two decades of the Ark residing in Kiriath-jearim, Samuel calls the Israelites to abandon their foreign gods and commit wholeheartedly to serving the Lord. The people respond positively, removing their idols and gathering at Mizpah for a time of fasting, prayer, and confession of sins. As the Israelites assemble, the Philistines perceive this gathering as a threat and move to attack. In response, the people cry out to Samuel for divine intervention. Samuel offers a sacrifice and intercedes on behalf of Israel. During this critical moment, God thunders against the Philistines, throwing them into disarray and allowing the Israelites to pursue and defeat their enemies. To commemorate this divine assistance, Samuel erects a stone memorial called Ebenezer, declaring “Thus far the Lord has helped us.” The chapter concludes by highlighting the lasting impact of this spiritual renewal. The Philistines are subdued, with God's hand against them throughout Samuel's lifetime. Samuel continues his role as judge over Israel, traveling an annual circuit to various towns to provide leadership and guidance. This narrative underscores the power of sincere repentance, prayer, and godly leadership in bringing about spiritual transformation and deliverance, demonstrating God's faithfulness to respond when His people turn back to Him with their whole hearts.
“When Samuel grew old…They said to him, “You are old, and your sons do not follow your ways; now appoint a king to lead us such as all the other nations have.”” In 1 Samuel 8 as Samuel grew old, he appointed his sons as judges over Israel, but they proved corrupt and unworthy of the role. This led the elders of Israel to approach Samuel, requesting that he appoint a king to rule over them, so they could be like other nations. This request displeased Samuel, who saw it as a rejection of God's leadership. When Samuel prayed about the matter, God instructed him to listen to the people's voice, explaining that they were not rejecting Samuel, but rejecting God as their king. God told Samuel to warn the people about the ways a king would rule over them, but to ultimately grant their request. Samuel then outlined the demands a king would make: conscripting their sons into military service, taking their daughters as servants, seizing their best fields and crops, imposing taxes, and essentially making them his slaves. Despite these stark warnings, the people insisted on having a king to lead them and fight their battles. This chapter marks a pivotal transition in Israel's history, as they move from being led by judges to having a monarchy. It demonstrates the people's lack of faith in God's leadership and their desire to conform to the nations around them, despite the negative consequences Samuel outlined. The people's insistence on a king, even after hearing the potential drawbacks, shows their determination to have a visible, human leader rather than relying on the invisible God who had led them thus far. Samuel reported the people's decision back to God, who instructed him to listen to their voice and appoint them a king, after which Samuel sent the people back to their homes.
“There was a Benjamite, a man of standing,… Kish had a son named Saul, as handsome a young man as could be found anywhere…” 1 Samuel 9 introduces Saul, the man who would become Israel's first king. Saul is described as a tall, handsome young man from the tribe of Benjamin, son of Kish, a man of standing. The chapter begins with Kish's donkeys going missing, prompting him to send Saul and a servant to search for them. After an unsuccessful search, they decide to consult the prophet Samuel for help, unaware of the greater purpose behind their journey. Meanwhile, God had revealed to Samuel that He would send him a man from Benjamin to anoint as king over Israel. When Saul meets Samuel, God confirms to the prophet that Saul is the chosen one. Samuel invites Saul to eat with him, assuring him that the donkeys have been found and hinting at the great things in store for Saul's future. He gives Saul a place of honor at the feast and speaks privately with him, preparing to reveal God's plan. This chapter demonstrates God's sovereignty in selecting Israel's first king, using seemingly mundane circumstances like lost donkeys to bring about His divine purpose. It shows how God orchestrated events to bring Saul into contact with Samuel, setting the stage for a significant turning point in Israel's history. While Saul is portrayed as an impressive figure physically, the chapter does not provide insight into his spiritual qualifications to be king, leaving readers to anticipate the unfolding of God's plan in the subsequent chapters.
“Then Samuel took a flask of olive oil and poured it on Saul’s head and kissed him, saying, “Has not the Lord anointed you ruler over his inheritance?” In 1 Samuel 10, the narrative begins with the prophet Samuel receiving divine instruction to anoint Saul as the king of Israel. After a private meeting, Samuel pours oil on Saul's head, signifying God's choice of him as the leader of His people. This act of anointing is not merely ceremonial; it represents God's empowerment and the establishment of a monarchy in Israel. Samuel then provides Saul with a series of prophetic signs that will confirm his anointing, including encounters with two men near Rachel's tomb who will inform him about his lost donkeys and a meeting with a group of prophets at Gibeah. These signs are intended to assure Saul of his divine appointment and to prepare him for the responsibilities ahead. As Saul embarks on his journey home, he experiences a profound transformation. The Spirit of God comes upon him powerfully, and he begins to prophesy among a group of prophets. This unexpected event astonishes those who witness it, leading them to question whether Saul has joined the ranks of the prophets. The transformation signifies not only Saul's empowerment by God but also serves as a confirmation to both Saul and the people that he is indeed chosen for leadership. This moment highlights the theme of divine intervention and the importance of spiritual guidance in leadership roles. Samuel later convenes all Israel at Mizpah to publicly declare the new king. Through a process that involves casting lots, Saul is chosen from among the tribes, yet he is found hiding among the supplies, reflecting his initial reluctance and humility regarding his new role. Despite this hesitance, Samuel presents Saul to the people as their king, and most respond positively, celebrating this new chapter in Israel's history. However, some individuals express disdain for Saul, foreshadowing future conflicts and challenges in his reign. This chapter encapsulates the transition from a loose confederation of tribes to a centralized monarchy, underscoring both God's sovereignty in choosing leaders and the complexities that come with human authority.
“Nahash the Ammonite went up and besieged Jabesh Gilead…. When Saul heard…the Spirit of God came powerfully upon him, and he burned with anger…. 1 Samuel 11 begins with a crisis as Nahash the Ammonite besieges Jabesh Gilead, demanding to gouge out the right eye of every man as a condition for a treaty. The people of Jabesh seek help from their fellow Israelites. When Saul hears of this threat, the Spirit of God comes powerfully upon him, igniting his anger. He dramatically rallies the Israelites by cutting up a pair of oxen and sending the pieces throughout Israel with a warning, resulting in a large army assembling under his command. The next day, Saul divides his forces into three groups and launches a surprise attack on the Ammonite camp, achieving a decisive victory. This triumph solidifies Saul's position as king and demonstrates his military leadership. When some suggest executing those who had previously doubted Saul's kingship, he magnanimously refuses, attributing the victory to God's intervention. The chapter concludes with Samuel leading the people to Gilgal for a ceremony to renew Saul's kingship. There, they officially crown Saul as king before the Lord, offer sacrifices, and celebrate his confirmation as ruler over Israel. This event marks a significant moment in Israel's history, transitioning from the period of judges to a unified monarchy under Saul's leadership.
“Samuel said to all Israel, “I have listened to everything you said to me and have set a king over you…. I will call on the Lord to send thunder and rain….” 1 Samuel 12 recounts Samuel's farewell address to the Israelites after Saul's coronation as king. Samuel begins by affirming his integrity as a leader and reminding the people of God's faithfulness throughout their history. He recounts how God delivered their ancestors from Egypt and brought them into the Promised Land, despite their frequent disobedience and idolatry. Samuel emphasizes that it was the people's demand for a king that led to Saul's appointment, even though God was already their true king. Samuel then issues a stern warning to the people and their new king, urging them to fear and serve the Lord faithfully. He performs a miraculous sign by calling upon God to send thunder and rain during the wheat harvest, demonstrating God's power and displeasure with their request for a king. This causes the people to fear greatly and acknowledge their sin in asking for a king. Samuel reassures them that if they and their king follow God's commands, they will prosper, but if they disobey, they will face consequences. The chapter concludes with Samuel's promise to continue praying for the people and instructing them in the right way. He exhorts them to fear the Lord, serve Him in truth with all their heart, and remember the great things He has done for them. Samuel warns that if they persist in wickedness, both they and their king will be swept away. This chapter marks the transition from rule by judges to monarchy, while emphasizing the enduring importance of obedience to God.
“Saul was thirty years old when he became king, and he reigned over Israel forty-two years….Saul chose three thousand men…a thousand were with Jonathan at Gibeah…your kingdom will not endure;… because you have not kept the Lord’s command.”…” 1 Samuel 13 recounts a pivotal moment in Saul's reign as the first king of Israel. The chapter opens with Saul and his son Jonathan leading the Israelite army against the Philistines. Jonathan initiates an attack on a Philistine outpost, prompting a massive Philistine retaliation. As the Israelites face this overwhelming force, many of Saul's soldiers begin to desert, hiding in caves and thickets. In this tense situation, Saul is instructed by the prophet Samuel to wait seven days for his arrival to offer sacrifices before battle. However, as the seventh day approaches and Samuel has not yet arrived, Saul grows impatient and fearful. In a critical lapse of judgment, he decides to offer the sacrifices himself, a task reserved for the priests. Just as Saul finishes the burnt offering, Samuel arrives and rebukes him for his disobedience. Samuel delivers a harsh pronouncement to Saul, declaring that due to his disobedience, his kingdom will not endure. God has already chosen a man after His own heart to be the next king. This moment marks the beginning of Saul's downfall and foreshadows the rise of David. The chapter concludes by highlighting the Philistines' technological advantage in iron weapons, leaving the Israelites at a significant military disadvantage.
“One day Jonathan son of Saul said to his young armor-bearer, “Come, let’s go over to the Philistine outpost on the other side.”… “Climb up after me; the Lord has given them into the hand of Israel.”…” 1 Samuel 14 recounts Israel's struggle against the Philistines. The chapter opens with Jonathan, King Saul's son, taking a bold initiative to attack a Philistine outpost without his father's knowledge. Accompanied only by his armor-bearer, Jonathan demonstrates remarkable faith, stating that "nothing can hinder the Lord from saving, whether by many or by few". Their daring assault results in a surprising victory, throwing the Philistine camp into chaos and ultimately leading to a broader Israelite triumph. As the battle unfolds, Saul's flawed leadership becomes evident. He issues a rash oath, forbidding his troops from eating until evening, which inadvertently weakens his own army. This decision nearly leads to a tragedy when Jonathan, unaware of the oath, eats some honey and is almost executed by his father. The chapter highlights the contrast between Jonathan's faith-driven courage and Saul's impulsive, self-centered decisions. The narrative concludes with a summary of Saul's military campaigns and family life. Despite the victory over the Philistines, the chapter foreshadows future challenges for Saul's kingship. It emphasizes the importance of trusting in God's power rather than relying solely on human strength or numbers, a theme that resonates throughout the book of 1 Samuel.
“Samuel said to Saul,… This is what the Lord Almighty says:… Now go, attack the Amalekites … But Saul … spared Agag and …everything that was good….” 1 Samuel 15 recounts when God rejects Saul as king of Israel due to his disobedience. The chapter begins with Samuel delivering God's command to Saul to completely destroy the Amalekites as divine judgment for their past actions against Israel. Saul leads his army to victory over the Amalekites but spares King Agag and the best of the livestock, directly contradicting God's instructions. Upon learning of Saul's disobedience, Samuel confronts him. Saul attempts to justify his actions, claiming he spared the animals for sacrifice, but Samuel rebukes him, declaring that obedience is better than sacrifice. Samuel pronounces God's rejection of Saul as king and personally executes Agag. The chapter concludes with Samuel and Saul parting ways, never to meet again, as Samuel mourns for Saul and the Lord regrets making him king over Israel. This chapter serves as a turning point in Saul's reign, highlighting the consequences of disobedience to God's commands. It emphasizes the importance of complete obedience over partial compliance or attempts to rationalize disobedience. The events set the stage for the eventual rise of David as God's chosen king to replace Saul, marking a significant shift in Israel's leadership and its relationship with God.
“The Lord said to Samuel,… I am sending you to Jesse… I have chosen one of his sons to be king.”… “Are these all the sons you have?”… “There is still the youngest,” Jesse answered. “He is tending the sheep.”…” 1 Samuel 16 marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history as God chooses David to replace Saul as king. The chapter opens with God instructing Samuel to anoint a new king from among Jesse's sons in Bethlehem. Samuel obeys, albeit with some trepidation about Saul's potential reaction. Upon arriving, Samuel invites Jesse and his sons to a sacrifice, where God reveals His chosen one. As Jesse presents his sons, Samuel is initially impressed by the eldest, Eliab. However, God teaches Samuel a crucial lesson: "Do not look at his appearance or at his physical stature, because I have refused him. For the LORD does not see as man sees; for man looks at the outward appearance, but the LORD looks at the heart"[1]. This divine insight guides Samuel as he evaluates each of Jesse's sons, only to find that God has not chosen any of them. Finally, the youngest son, David, is summoned from tending sheep. God identifies David as the chosen one, and Samuel anoints him, with the Spirit of the LORD coming upon David from that day forward. The chapter concludes with a stark contrast between David and Saul. While David is anointed and filled with God's Spirit, Saul is tormented by an evil spirit[13]. Saul's servants suggest that music might soothe him, leading them to recommend David, known for his skill with the harp. Ironically, Saul sends for David, unaware that he is inviting his divinely appointed successor into his court. David's arrival marks the beginning of his journey towards kingship, as he serves Saul and gains favor in his sight.
“Now the Philistines gathered their forces for war and assembled at Sokoh in Judah….A champion named Goliath…came out of the Philistine camp…” 1 Samuel 17 recounts the iconic battle between David and Goliath. The Philistines and Israelites face off in the Valley of Elah, with the giant Goliath challenging Israel to send a champion for single combat. For 40 days, Goliath taunts the Israelites, who are paralyzed with fear. David, a young shepherd, arrives at the camp to bring supplies to his brothers and hears Goliath's challenge. Moved by faith in God and indignation at Goliath's blasphemy, David volunteers to fight the Philistine champion. King Saul reluctantly agrees, offering his own armor, which David declines. Instead, David faces Goliath with his shepherd's staff, sling, and five smooth stones. Goliath mocks the young David, but David proclaims his confidence in God's power to deliver him. With a single stone from his sling, David strikes Goliath in the forehead, felling the giant. He then uses Goliath's own sword to behead him. David's victory inspires the Israelite army to rout the Philistines. This chapter showcases David's unwavering faith in God, his courage in the face of overwhelming odds, and God's power to work through unlikely heroes. It also marks the beginning of David's rise to prominence in Israel, setting the stage for his future kingship and establishing him as a man after God's own heart
“After David had finished talking with Saul,… Whatever mission…David was so successful that Saul gave him a high rank…all Israel and Judah loved David, because he led them in their campaigns….” 1 Samuel 18 marks a significant turning point in the relationship between Saul and David. The chapter begins with the formation of a deep friendship between David and Jonathan, Saul's son. Their souls are described as being "knit together," and Jonathan's love for David is compared to his love for himself. This bond between them leads Jonathan to make a covenant with David, symbolized by giving him his robe, armor, sword, bow, and belt. As David's military success grows, so does Saul's jealousy and fear. The chapter recounts how the women's celebratory songs praising David's victories over "tens of thousands" compared to Saul's "thousands" ignite Saul's anger. This jealousy manifests in violent outbursts, with Saul twice attempting to kill David by throwing a spear at him. Despite these threats, David continues to behave wisely and succeed in his military endeavors, gaining favor with both the people and Saul's servants. The chapter concludes with Saul's attempts to manipulate David through marriage to his daughters. First, Saul offers his elder daughter Merab, hoping to use David's sense of duty to get him killed in battle against the Philistines. When this fails, Saul gives his younger daughter Michal, who loves David, in marriage. David fulfills Saul's dowry request of one hundred Philistine foreskins by bringing double the amount, further cementing his reputation and deepening Saul's fear and enmity towards him.
“Saul told his son Jonathan and all the attendants to kill David. But Jonathan…warned him,… While David was playing the lyre, Saul tried to pin him to the wall with his spear…” 1 Samuel 19 depicts the escalating conflict between King Saul and David, highlighting the divine protection over God's chosen servant. The chapter opens with Saul openly declaring his intention to kill David, prompting his son Jonathan to intervene. Jonathan's loyalty to David is evident as he successfully persuades his father to reconcile with David temporarily. However, this peace is short-lived, as Saul's jealousy is rekindled when David achieves another military victory against the Philistines. The chapter then narrates a series of attempts by Saul to end David's life. In a fit of rage, Saul tries to pin David to the wall with a spear, but David manages to escape. Saul then sends messengers to David's house to kill him, but David's wife Michal helps him flee through a window. She cleverly deceives Saul's men by placing a household idol in David's bed, buying time for her husband's escape. These events mark the beginning of David's life as a fugitive, constantly on the run from Saul's persecution. The chapter concludes with a remarkable display of God's supernatural protection over David. When Saul pursues David to Ramah, where the prophet Samuel resides, the Spirit of God comes upon Saul and his messengers, causing them to prophesy. This divine intervention renders Saul powerless to harm David, culminating in Saul himself prophesying and lying naked all day and night. This episode serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to protect His chosen ones, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable threats.
“Then David…went to Jonathan and asked…How have I wronged your father, that he is trying to kill me?”…” 1 Samuel 20 depicts a pivotal moment in the relationship between David, Jonathan, and King Saul. David, fearing for his life due to Saul's repeated attempts to kill him, seeks Jonathan's help to determine Saul's true intentions. The two friends devise a plan: David will absent himself from the king's feast, and Jonathan will gauge Saul's reaction to discern whether it is safe for David to return or if he must flee. The chapter unfolds with Jonathan initially doubting his father's murderous intent towards David. However, during the feast, Saul's violent reaction to David's absence and his attempt to kill Jonathan for defending David reveal the depth of the king's hatred. This confirmation of Saul's intentions forces Jonathan to accept the reality of the situation and solidifies his loyalty to David over his father. The chapter concludes with an emotional farewell between David and Jonathan. They renew their covenant of friendship and loyalty, extending it to their future descendants. Jonathan acknowledges David's future kingship, demonstrating his submission to God's will despite it conflicting with his own potential claim to the throne. This poignant scene marks a turning point, as David must now flee and begin his life as a fugitive from Saul.
“David went to Nob … “The king sent me on a mission… I haven’t brought my sword…The priest replied, “The sword of Goliath the Philistinec whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, is here;…” 1 Samuel 21 chronicles a crucial episode in David's life as he flees from King Saul's persecution. The chapter opens with David's arrival at Nob, where he encounters Ahimelech the priest. Alone and desperate, David fabricates a story about a secret mission from the king, requesting provisions and weapons. Ahimelech, though hesitant, provides David with consecrated bread and the sword of Goliath. This interaction, witnessed by Doeg the Edomite, Saul's chief herdsman, sets in motion a chain of events with far-reaching consequences. The narrative then shifts to David's flight to Gath, a Philistine city. Recognized as the famed Israelite warrior who slew Goliath, David becomes fearful of capture. In a desperate act of self-preservation, he feigns madness, scribbling on the doors of the gate and letting saliva run down his beard. This ruse successfully convinces King Achish to dismiss David as harmless, sparing his life. This chapter illuminates the moral complexities of David's character during his time as a fugitive. While his resourcefulness and quick thinking are evident, his reliance on deception raises ethical questions. The events at Nob, in particular, foreshadow tragic consequences for Ahimelech and the priests. Despite these moral failings, the chapter also illustrates God's continued protection over David during this tumultuous period, highlighting the tension between human frailty and divine providence in David's journey.
“David left Gath and escaped to the cave of Adullam…All those who were in distress or in debt or discontented gathered around him…About four hundred men were with him…. “ 1 Samuel 22 marks a crucial turning point in David's journey as he flees from Saul's persecution. The chapter opens with David seeking refuge in the cave of Adullam, where he is joined by his family and about 400 men who were in distress, debt, or discontented. This gathering marks the beginning of David's leadership over a group of followers, foreshadowing his future role as king. Demonstrating his care for his family, David arranges protection for his parents in Moab. The prophet Gad then advises David to leave the stronghold and go to Judah, which David obeys, showcasing his willingness to follow divine guidance. The narrative then shifts to Saul's court, where his paranoia and brutality take center stage. Upon learning of David's whereabouts, Saul accuses his officials of conspiring against him. Doeg the Edomite informs Saul that the priest Ahimelech had assisted David, triggering a violent response from the king. In a fit of rage, Saul orders the execution of Ahimelech and all the priests of Nob. When his guards refuse to carry out this heinous command, Doeg steps forward to perform the gruesome task, slaughtering 85 priests and destroying the entire town of Nob. Only Abiathar, one of Ahimelech's sons, manages to escape and join David. This chapter vividly illustrates the stark contrast between David and Saul's leadership styles and spiritual conditions. While David gathers supporters and seeks God's guidance, Saul descends further into paranoia and violence, even turning against God's appointed priests. The tragic events at Nob set the stage for the continued conflict between Saul and David, highlighting the spiritual and moral decay of Saul's reign. David's response to Abiathar, offering him protection and acknowledging his own role in the tragedy, further emphasizes his growing maturity and leadership qualities. The chapter serves as a powerful depiction of the consequences of rejecting God's will and the importance of faithful leadership.
“When David was told, “Look, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah…he inquired of the Lord, saying, “Shall I go and attack these Philistines?”… 1 Samuel 23 recounts David's life as he continues to evade King Saul while also defending Israel from external threats. The chapter begins with David receiving news that the Philistines are attacking the town of Keilah. After seeking God's guidance through prayer, David leads his men to successfully defend Keilah from the Philistines, inflicting heavy losses on them and saving the inhabitants. This victory showcases David's military prowess and his commitment to Israel's welfare, even as a fugitive. However, God warns David that the people of Keilah would betray him to Saul, prompting David and his 600 men to flee the city. The chapter also includes a poignant meeting between David and Jonathan in the wilderness of Ziph. Jonathan reaffirms his support for David and acknowledges that David will one day become king, with Jonathan as his second-in-command. This encounter serves as a powerful reminder of true loyalty amidst the chaos of Saul's reign. Following this meeting, the people of Ziph betray David's location to Saul, setting in motion a tense pursuit through the wilderness. As Saul's forces close in on David in the wilderness of Maon, a messenger arrives with news of a Philistine raid, forcing Saul to break off his pursuit. This timely interruption allows David to escape once again, demonstrating God's continued protection. Throughout the chapter, we see the stark contrast between David and Saul. While David consistently seeks God's guidance and acts to protect Israel, Saul remains fixated on eliminating his perceived rival, even at the cost of neglecting his kingly duties. The repeated divine interventions on David's behalf underscore God's unwavering support for His chosen king, despite the challenges and betrayals David faces.
“After Saul returned…Saul took three thousand able young men…to look for David…a cave was there, and Saul went in to relieve himself….David crept up unnoticed and cut off a corner of Saul’s robe…. I cut off the corner of your robe but did not kill you….” 1 Samuel 24 recounts a pivotal moment in the conflict between Saul and David. While pursuing David, Saul enters a cave to relieve himself, unaware that David and his men are hiding inside. David's men urge him to seize this opportunity to kill Saul, but David refuses, choosing instead to secretly cut off a corner of Saul's robe. This act, though seemingly minor, deeply troubles David's conscience, as he considers Saul to be the Lord's anointed king. After Saul leaves the cave, David follows him and reveals himself, showing Saul the piece of his robe as evidence that he could have killed him but chose not to. David appeals to God as the judge between them and declares his innocence, emphasizing that he has no intention of harming Saul. This demonstration of mercy and respect for God's anointed deeply moves Saul, who acknowledges David's righteousness and admits that David will indeed become king of Israel. The encounter ends with a momentary reconciliation between the two men. Saul, recognizing David's noble character, asks him to swear that he will not cut off Saul's descendants or wipe out his name when he becomes king. David agrees to this request, and they part ways. However, despite this brief moment of peace, David remains cautious and returns to his stronghold, understanding that Saul's change of heart may be temporary.
“Now Samuel died, and all Israel assembled and mourned for him;… A certain man…His name was Nabal and his wife’s name was Abigail….She was an intelligent and beautiful woman, but her husband was surly and mean…” 1 Samuel 25, marks the death of Samuel, Israel's revered prophet and judge. As the nation mourns, the narrative shifts to a pivotal encounter between David, the future king, and a wealthy but foolish man named Nabal. David, who had been protecting Nabal's shepherds and flocks in the wilderness of Carmel, sends a request for provisions during the sheep-shearing season. Nabal's harsh refusal and insults provoke David to prepare for a violent retaliation with 400 armed men. Enter Abigail, Nabal's wise and beautiful wife, who emerges as the chapter's heroine. Upon learning of the situation, she swiftly prepares a generous gift and intercepts David's war party. With eloquence and humility, Abigail persuades David to abandon his vengeful plans, appealing to his conscience and future kingship. David, impressed by her wisdom, heeds her counsel and withdraws peacefully. This intervention not only prevents bloodshed but also showcases the power of diplomacy and the importance of heeding wise advice. The chapter concludes with divine justice and a twist of fate. When Abigail informs Nabal of the narrowly averted disaster, he suffers a stroke and dies ten days later. Upon hearing of Nabal's death, David proposes marriage to Abigail, recognizing her wisdom and character. Their union symbolizes the reward of virtue and the alignment of David with godly counsel. This episode provides a rich tapestry of themes including the contrast between wisdom and folly, the consequences of pride, the power of peacemaking, and the complex character of David as he navigates the challenges of leadership before ascending to the throne.
“The Ziphites went to Saul at Gibeah and said, “Is not David hiding on the hill of Hakilah…So David and Abishai went to the army by night, and there was Saul, lying asleep inside the camp…” 1 Samuel 26 continues the narrative of David's complex relationship with King Saul, emphasizing themes of respect, mercy, and divine providence. The chapter begins with the Ziphites informing Saul of David's whereabouts in the wilderness of Ziph. In response, Saul mobilizes 3,000 elite troops to pursue David. Aware of Saul's approach, David sends scouts to confirm the king's presence, demonstrating his strategic acumen and vigilance. This sets the stage for a dramatic confrontation that underscores the tension between the two figures. In a bold move, David and his companion Abishai infiltrate Saul's camp under the cover of night. They find Saul asleep in the center of the encampment, with his spear stuck in the ground beside him. Abishai urges David to take advantage of this opportunity to kill Saul, viewing it as a chance to end his persecution once and for all. However, David refuses to harm "the Lord's anointed," showcasing his deep respect for God's chosen leader. Instead, he takes Saul’s spear and water jug as a testament to his mercy and restraint, further illustrating his moral integrity. The next morning, David calls out to Abner, Saul’s commander, chastising him for failing to protect the king. This moment awakens Saul, who recognizes David’s voice and is reminded of his own failings. David appeals to Saul’s conscience by presenting the spear and jug as evidence of his innocence and unwillingness to harm him. Saul acknowledges his wrongdoing and blesses David, predicting his future success. Despite this momentary reconciliation, David remains cautious of Saul’s unpredictable nature, highlighting the ongoing tension in their relationship and David's reliance on God’s timing for his destiny.
“But David thought to himself, … The best thing I can do is to escape … “Where did you go raiding … David would say, …“Against the Negev of the Kenites….” 1 Samuel 27 depicts a challenging period in David's life, marked by fear, deception, and moral compromise. The chapter opens with David's decision to seek refuge among the Philistines, Israel's enemies, out of fear that Saul would eventually succeed in killing him. This choice reflects a moment of weakness in David's faith, as he abandons trust in God's protection and instead relies on his own strategies for survival. David, along with his 600 men and their families, settles in Gath under the protection of King Achish. To gain further independence, David requests and receives the town of Ziklag from Achish, which becomes his base of operations for 16 months. During this time, David engages in raids against various neighboring tribes, including the Geshurites, Girzites, and Amalekites. These raids are characterized by extreme violence, with David leaving no survivors to report his actions. The chapter concludes with David's deception of Achish. When questioned about his raids, David claims to have attacked Israelite territories, leading Achish to believe that David has become an enemy of his own people. This deception puts David in a precarious position, as he is now expected to fight alongside the Philistines against Israel. The chapter ends with Achish fully trusting David, believing he has secured a loyal servant for life.
“In those days the Philistines gathered their forces to fight against Israel…. So Saul disguised himself,… and… went to the woman. “Consult a spirit for me,” he said, “and bring up for me the one I name.” 1 Samuel 28 depicts a critical moment in King Saul's reign, showcasing his desperation and spiritual decline. The chapter opens with the Philistines gathering their forces to fight against Israel. Saul, seeing the size of the Philistine army, becomes terrified. He attempts to inquire of the Lord for guidance, but receives no answer through dreams, Urim, or prophets. This silence from God demonstrates Saul's estrangement from the divine due to his past disobedience. In his desperation, Saul turns to the occult, which he had previously banned in Israel. He seeks out a medium in Endor, disguising himself to consult her. This action further highlights Saul's spiritual deterioration and willingness to violate God's commands in his panic. The medium, at Saul's request, calls up the spirit of the deceased prophet Samuel. Samuel's appearance terrifies the medium and delivers a grim message to Saul. He rebukes Saul for disturbing him and reiterates that God has rejected Saul as king, giving the kingdom to David. Samuel then pronounces judgment, declaring that Saul and his sons will die in battle the next day, and Israel will be defeated by the Philistines. This supernatural encounter leaves Saul physically and emotionally devastated. The chapter concludes with the medium and Saul's servants urging the king to eat and regain his strength before departing. This scene poignantly illustrates Saul's fall from power and his impending doom. The chapter serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of disobeying God and turning to ungodly practices in times of crisis. It also foreshadows the imminent transition of power from Saul to David, as prophesied earlier in the book.
“The Philistines gathered all their forces at Aphek, and Israel camped by the spring in Jezreel….the Philistine commanders were angry…“But what have I done?” asked David….” 1 Samuel 29 unfolds against the backdrop of an impending battle between the Philistines and Israel. The chapter opens with the Philistine armies gathering at Aphek, while the Israelites camp near Jezreel. David and his men, who had been living among the Philistines to escape Saul, find themselves in a precarious position as they march with King Achish of Gath. This situation puts David at risk of having to fight against his own people, creating a significant moral and political dilemma. The tension escalates when the Philistine commanders spot David and his men among their ranks. Alarmed by David's presence, they vehemently object, fearing he might betray them during the battle to regain Saul's favor. They remind Achish of David's reputation as a formidable warrior for Israel, recalling the popular song: "Saul has slain his thousands, and David his tens of thousands." Despite Achish's defense of David's loyalty, the other Philistine leaders remain adamant, insisting that David and his men be dismissed from the army. Ultimately, Achish reluctantly complies with the demands of his fellow commanders. He informs David of the decision, expressing his personal trust but acknowledging the other leaders' disapproval. Achish instructs David to depart early the next morning, effectively removing him from the impending conflict. This turn of events, while potentially insulting to David, serves as a demonstration of God's providential protection. It spares David from the difficult choice between loyalty to Achish and fighting against his own people, highlighting how God can work through seemingly negative circumstances to safeguard His chosen servants and further His divine plan.
“David and his men reached Ziklag…the Amalekites…had attacked Ziklag and burned it…their wives and sons and daughters taken captive….But David found strength in the Lord his God….” 1 Samuel 30 recounts a pivotal moment in David's life as he faces a devastating raid by the Amalekites on Ziklag. Upon returning to Ziklag after three days, David and his men discover that the Amalekites had attacked the town, burned it to the ground, and taken captive all the women and children, including David's two wives. This crisis leads to intense emotional distress for David and his men, who weep until they have no more strength to weep. The situation becomes even more precarious when David's own men, bitter about the loss of their families, begin to talk of stoning him. In this moment of extreme adversity, David demonstrates his faith and leadership by strengthening himself in the Lord his God. He seeks divine guidance by asking Abiathar the priest to bring the ephod, and he inquires of the Lord whether he should pursue the Amalekite raiders. God instructs David to pursue, promising that he will overtake them and recover everything. With this assurance, David leads 600 men in pursuit, though 200 are too exhausted to cross the Besor Valley and are left behind. Guided by an abandoned Egyptian slave of an Amalekite, David locates the raiders and launches a surprise attack, defeating them and recovering all that was taken, including his two wives. The chapter concludes with David making a significant decision regarding the distribution of plunder. When some of his men argue against sharing the spoils with the 200 who stayed behind, David declares that those who stayed with the supplies should receive the same share as those who went into battle. This equitable division of spoils becomes a statute and ordinance for Israel from that day forward. David also sends portions of the plunder as gifts to the elders of Judah and various towns, demonstrating his political acumen and generosity. This chapter highlights David's reliance on God in times of crisis, his military prowess, and his just leadership, foreshadowing his future role as king of Israel.
“Now the Philistines fought against Israel…and…were in hot pursuit of Saul and his sons, and they killed his sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua…. “NIV” 1 Samuel 31 recounts the tragic demise of King Saul and his sons in battle against the Philistines. The chapter opens with a fierce conflict at Mount Gilboa, where the Israelites are overwhelmed and begin to flee. Saul and his sons find themselves in the thick of the fighting, with Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua ultimately falling in battle. Saul, severely wounded by Philistine archers, chooses to take his own life rather than face capture and potential abuse by the enemy. His armor-bearer, witnessing Saul's death, follows suit. The aftermath of the battle is grim for Israel. The Philistines discover Saul's body the following day, decapitating him and stripping him of his armor. They display his body on the wall of Beth-shan as a trophy and place his armor in the temple of their goddess Ashtoreth. This act of desecration serves as a symbol of Israel's defeat and the Philistines' triumph. However, the people of Jabesh-gilead, remembering Saul's earlier rescue of their city, undertake a daring mission to recover the bodies of Saul and his sons. They travel by night to Beth-shan, retrieve the bodies, and give them a proper burial in Jabesh, followed by seven days of fasting in mourning. This final chapter of 1 Samuel marks the fulfillment of God's judgment against Saul for his disobedience, as previously foretold by the prophet Samuel. It brings Saul's tragic fall to its conclusion and sets the stage for David's ascension to the throne. The chapter serves as a somber ending to the book, illustrating the dire consequences of rejecting God's ways and highlighting the loyalty of those who remembered Saul's earlier deeds. It also provides a transition to the events that will unfold in 2 Samuel, as the era of Israel's first king comes to a close and a new chapter in the nation's history begins.
